Short notes on Bhakti Movement - Indian History.

Thursday, 4 July 2013

Important points on Bhakti Movement related to Indian History.

BHAKTHI MOVEMENT

1.  Shankaracharya was the leader of Hindu Revivalist Movement?
2. The doctrine of Sankaracharya was Adwait a or Pure Monism.
3. Ramanuja built up the philosophy of Vishistadvaita or qualified monism.
4. Kabir, Ramananda and Chaitanya Mahaprabhu were the later exponents of the Bhakti Movement.
5. Ramananda founded a new school of Vaishnavism.
6. Kabir was the greatest among the disciples of Ramananda.
7. Kabir said, ‘Call him Ram, Rahim, Allah, Hari, govind, but he is one’.
8. The earliest Vaishnava Bhakti saints from the South were Alvers.
9. The Bhakti Saint who was greatly influenced by Islam was Namdev.
10. Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikh religion declared “There is no Hindu, there is no Musalman”.
11. Madhavacharya was an exponent of Dwaita Philosophy.
12. Advent of Portuguest Vasco da Gama, the Portuguese navigator was the first to discover a sea route from Europe to India in 1498.
13. He first arrived at Kappad near Kozhikode in Kerala.
14. Saint Gabriel is the name of the ship in which Vasco da gama landed at Kappad near Kozhikode.
15. He was followed by the Dutch (1595) the British (1600) and finally the French in 1664.
16. His second arrival was in the year 1502.
17. His third arrival was in 1524.
18. He died at Fort Cochin.
19. The first Portuguese Governor in India was Francisco-de-Almeida.
20. Portuguese capital was shifted from Kochi to Goa by Albuquerque.
21. The Portuguese were the first to seek direct sea routes for trade links with India.
22. The real founder of the Portuguese empire in the East was Alfonso de Albuquerque.

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Short notes on Sikhism

Important points about Sikhism

SIKHISM

1. Guru Nanak was the founder of Sikhism?
2. Guru Nanak was born at Talwandi in Pakistan in the year 1469.
3. He believed in the unity of God and Brotherhood of man.
4. He was the first Guru of the Sikhs.
5. Guru Arjun dev was the fifth guru of Sikhs.
6. He built the world famous Harmandar Sahib, Popularly known as the Golden Temple in Amritsar.
7. He also complied the holy book of Sikhs named Granth Sahib, which is also known as Adi Granth.
8. Guru Tej Bahadur was executed by Aurangzeb.
9. Guru Hargobind trained the Sikhs in military art, and fought several battles with the Mughals.
10. Guru Bobind Singh was the tenth and the last guru of the Sikhs.
11. He organized a militant force name ‘Khalsa’
12. Maharaja Ranjit Singh unified a Sikh state.

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Short notes on Vijayanagara Empire

Important points of Vijayanagara Empire

VIJAYANAGAR EMPIRE.

1. The Vijayanagara Empire was founded by Harihara and Bukka under the inspiration of Guru Vidyaranya.
2. Harihara and Bukka belong to Sangama Dynasty.
3. The other dynasties of the empire were Saluva, Taluva and Aravidu.
4. The most important ruler of this empire was Krishnadevaraya. Hampi was his capital.
5. Krishnadevaraya belongs to Taluva Dynasty.
6. He wrote a book named ‘Amuktamalyada’.
7. The king had unlimited powers in the Vijayanagar empire
8. The Musical instrument that acquired a prominent place in the Vijayanagar empire was Vina.
9. The river on whose bank was the city of Vijayanagar located – Tungabhadra.
10. The founder of the city of Ahmedabad was Ahmed Shah-I.
11. Who founded the fortress city Mandu- the Capital of Malwa? Hushang Shah.
12. The Battle of Talikota which was fought between Vijayanagara Empire and Bahmani Sultans in the year 1565 resulted in the collapse of the empire.
13. The ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire can be seen at Hampi in Karnataka.
14. Nicolo Conti, the Venetian Traveller visited Vijayanagara Empire.
15. Abdur Razzak, the Persian Ambassador also visited this empire.
16. Tenali Raman, the well known jester was in the court of Krishnadevaraya.

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Short notes on Marathas Kingdom

Short notes on Marathas Kingdom

1. The power of Marathas was established by Shivaji.
2. Shivaji was born at Shivner in the year 1627 AD.
3. His capital was at Raigarh.
4. He was crowned at Raigarh Fort and assumed the title ‘Chhatrapathi’.
5. Shivaji was the most powerful among the Maratha Kings.
6. Shaji Bhosle was the father of Shivaji.
7. Balaji Vishwanath was the first Peshwa of Marathas.
8. Peshwa in Maratha administration refers to the Prime Minister.
9. Baji Rao was the ablest of the Peshwa rulers.  Shivaji did not allow women in his Military camp.
10. The Marathas were equipped with an efficient naval system under Shivaji.
11. Who was Dadaji Kondadeva? Shivaji’s Guardian tutor.
12. Which was the capital of Shivaji is Kingdom? Rajgarh.
13. Balaji Baji Rao was a Peshwa of Marathas.
14. During his period the third battle of Panipat was fought between Ahamed Shah Abdali and  Marathas in the year 1761.
15. In this battle the Marathas were completely destroyed by the Persian Invader.

Tags :- Short notes on Marathas, Maratha kingdom, Shivaji, Chatrapathi, powerful.

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All about Mughal Dynasty

Tuesday, 18 June 2013

MUGHAL DYNASTY

1. Mughal dynasty was founded in the year 1526.
2. The first battle of Panipat was also fought in the year 1526 between Babar and Ibrahim Lodhi.
3. The Victory of Babar in this battle also led the establishment of Mughal Dynasty.
4. Babar died in the year 1531 and Humayn ascended the throne.
5. In 1527, the Battle of Kanua took place in which Babar defeated MahaRana Sangram Singh of Mewar.
6. 1528, Babar defeated Daulatkhan Lodhi and Sultan Medini Rai.
7. Lodhi Dynasty was founded by Bahlul Lodhi.
8. Babar was a great warrior, Scholar and poet.
9. His memories “Tuzuk-I-Babri” was written in Turki.
10. Babar was better known as an adventurer than as a ruler.
11. Akbar is the Mughal emperor who is said to be illiterate.
12. Akbar was born at Amarkot in 1542.
13. Akbar ascended the throne at the age of 14.
14. Akbar was crowned at Kalanaur in 1556.
15. Bairam khan was the tutor and regent of Akbar.
16. In the Second Battle of Pani Pat in 1556, Akbar defeated Hemu.
17. Akar also defeated Maha Rana Pratap of Mewar at the Battle of Haldighati in the year 1576.
18. Fatehpur Sikri was the city founded by Akbar to commemorate his victory over Gujrat.
19. Ibadatkhana in Fatehpur Sikri was built by Akbar for religious discussion.
20. Akbar also built Buland Darwaza.
21. He also founded a new religion named Din-e-illhi.
22. Akbar was a patron of art, Scholar and states men like Abul Fazal (Court Poet who wrote Akbarnama and Ain-e-Akbari), Faizi (Poet), Todar Mal, Birbal (the administrator), Tansen (The great musician) and Tulsidas (The great Hindi poet who wrote Ramcharitamanas), lived in the court of Akbar.
23. Tansen’s real name was Ramtanu Pande.
24. Akbar’s tomb is situated in Sikandra.
25. Akbar introduced the land revenue system called Zabti system.
26. Akbar abolished Jezia Pilgrim Tax levied on non Muslim.
27. He also introduced Mansabdari system to strengthen his Military.
28. The most important contribution of Akbar was in the field of administration.
29. Tobacco was introduced in India by Portuguese at the time of Akbar.
30. Which ruler was described by J.N.Sarkar as the “Greatest of the Great Mughals save one” Aurangzeb.
31. Sher Shah is most notable for his land revenue policy.
32. The largest number of books on classical music were written during the reign of Aurangzeb.
33. The Mughal mosque that is also regarded as the “Pearl Mosque – Moti Masjid at Agra”.
34. The Mansabdari system introduced by Akbar was borrowed from the system in Mongolia.
35. The capital of the Moghal Empire was shifted from Agra to Delhi by Shah Jahan.
36. The two great Mughal rulers who wrote their own memories are Babur and Jehangir.
37. Akbar’s land revenue system was known as Zabti system.
38. Akbar was ignorant of the art of reading and writing.
39. Jehangir, the son of Akbar, whose original name was Salim.
40. He was best known for his strict administration of Justice.
41. He installed the ‘Chain of Justice’.
42. Sir, Thomas Roe and Wiliam Hawkins, the Ambassadors of James I, visited the court of Jehangir
43. The most important contribution of Jehangir was in the field of Painting.
44. He built Shalimar and Nishat Gardens in Srinagar.
45. He died in 1627 and was buried at Lahore.
46. Administration during his period was done by his wife Nur Jahan.
47. He executed Sikh Guru Arjun Deve who compiled the Guru Grantha Sahib.
48. The period of Shajahan was called “ the Golden age of the Mughals”.
49. His main contribution was in the field of art and architecture.
50. He also built Red Fort, Juma Masjid and Moti Masjid.
51. He possessed the Peacock throne which was later looted to Iran by nadirshah, the Persian Invader. At present it is in Britain.
52. He is called ‘the price of builders’.
53. The architect of Taj Mahal was Ustab Isa.
54. The original name of Shahajahan was Kurram
55. Aurangzeb was the son of Shajahan
56. He ascended the throne with the title ‘Alamgir’ (Conqueror of the world).
57. He was the last great Mughal emperor.
58. Aurangzeb executed Guru Tej Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru.
59. Guru Govind Singh, the tenth and the last Guru, the Son of Guru Tej Bahadur organized his followers into a militant force called ‘Khalsa’ at Anandpur Sahib.
60. Aurangzeb faced tough opposition from the Marathas,.
61. He died in the year 1707 and was buried near Daulatabad.
62. Shershah Suri was an Afghan who defeated Humayan in the battle of Kannauj in 1540.
63. He founded ‘Sur’ Dynasty in India.
64. He also defeated Humayun at the Battle of Chausa in the year 1539.
65. He built Grand Trunk Road which runs between Calcutta and Amritsar.
66. He introduced one rupee coin for the first time in India.
67. His read name was Farid.
68. He also introduced a regular postal service and also attempted to fix standard weights and measures.
69. He is also regarded as the forerunner of Akbar.
70. His tomb is located at Sasaram.
71. The last Moghal emperor, Bahadurshah II was also known as Bahadurshah Zafar.
72. He as made Emperor of India during th e1857 Sepoy Mutiny. The Britist exiled him to Rangoon.
73. Vakil in the Mughal administration was the Prime Minister. He was also called Wazir.
74. The pay master in the Mughal Military is called Mir Bakshi.
75. The Deccan policy was the main policy of Aurangzeb.

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Short notes on Tuglaq dynasty - Indian History

Thursday, 13 June 2013

TUGLAQ DYNASTY Short notes - Indian Histry

• Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq as founder of Tughlaq Dynasty.
• Original name of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaw as Ghazi Malik.
• Mohammad-bin-Tuglaq was an important ruler of Tughlaq Dynasty.
• He shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri and renamed it as Daulatabad and then brought it back to Delhi again.
• He is also known as ‘Wisest fool’.
• Iban Batuta called him ‘an ill starred idealist’.
• He introduced token currency of bronze and copper.
• Ibn Batuta, an African traveler visited India during the reign of Mohammed bin Tuglaq.
• Firuz-sha-tuglaq was another ruler of this dynasty who introduced ‘Jeziya’ a tax on Non-Muslims.
• He also constructed large number of canals.
• The Lodi dynasty was the first Afghan or Pathan dynasty.
• The Qutub Minar honours the famous saint Khwaja Qutub-ud-din-Bakhtiyar Kaki.
• Music was banned by Sultan Giyas Ud-din-Tughlaq.
• The Jeziya was abolished by Akbar in 1564.
• But later it was re-imposed by Aurangzeb.
• Timur, the Turkish army chief attacked India in the year 1398.
• Timur’s invasion led to the destruction of the Tughlaq Dynasty.
• The capity of Tughlaq dynasty was Delhi.
• The last ruler of Tughlaq Dynasty was Sultan Mohammed Tughlaq.
• The sayyad dynasty was founded by Khizar Khan.

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Short Notes on Khilji Dynasty - Indian History

Khilji Dynasty short notes on Indian History

KHILJI DYNASTY

• The Khilji dynasty was founded by Jalaluddin Khilji.
• Jalaluddin Khilji founded Khilji dynasty in the year 1290AD.
• Alauddin Khilji was the most famous ruler of Khilji dynasty.
• His original name was Ali Gurshasp.
• He introduced an effective market regulation in India.
• Amir Khusru was the court poet of Alauddin.
• Alauddin was the first iNdian ruler who maintained large standing army and artillery.
• He was the only medieval ruler who captured south India.
• The rist marriage between a Muslim ruler and a Hindu Princess was done between Alauddin and Kamala Devi, the widow of the ruler of Gujarat.
• He also built Siri Fort at Delhi.
• Alauddin took the title ‘Sikandar-I-Saini’ or the Second Alexander.
• Malik Kafur was the Prime Minister and Commander in Chief of Alauddin Khilji.
• He captured south India for Allaudin.
• He also killed Alauddin by poisoning him.
• Mubaraksha was the last ruler of Khilji dynasty.
• Jalaluddin Khilji is also credited for expelling Mongols from India in this year 1292.
• The capital of Khilji Dynasty was Delhi.

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Short Notes on Arab Invasion - Indian HIstory

Wednesday, 12 June 2013

Short notes of ARAB INVASION under Indian History

ARAB INVASION 

• The first invasion of Sind was in 712 AD.
• The first invasion of Arabs was made by Muhammad bin Kasim.
• The first invasion of Muhammad Ghazni was I the year 10001AD.
• Muhammad Ghazni led 17 expeditions to India.
• In 1025 AD he attacked and destroyed the somnath temple in Gujrat.
• The famous Persian poet, Firdausi who wrote ‘Shanama’ lived in his court.
• The first invasion of Muhammad Ghori to India was in the year 1175.
• The first placd which was captured by Md. Ghori in India was Multan (Now in Pakistan).
• Muhammad Ghori is considered as the founder of Muslim rule in India.
• Chand Bardoi, the court poet of Prithviraj wrote ‘Prithviraj Raso’.
• The first Battle of Tarain was fought in the year 1191 AD between the forces of Prithviraj Chauhan and Muhammed Ghori in which Ghori was defeated.
• The Second Battle of Tarain was fought in the year 1192 AD between Prithviraj and Md. Ghori in which Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated.
• The second Battle of Tarain, inspired Md. Ghori to establish first Muslim rule in India.
• Qutub-ud-din Aibak was a faithful slave of Md. Ghori.
• Aibak belongs to Ilbari tride.
• Aibak was also the commander in chief of Md. Ghori.
• After the death of Md. Ghori in 1206. Aibak became king and founded Slave dynasty in India.
• Aibak is popularly known as ‘Lakh Bakhsh (Giver of lakhs).
• The slave dynasty was the first Muslim dynasty in India.
• Aibak began the construction of Qutab-Minar.
• Aibak constructed 2 great mosquest at Delhi and Ajmer.
• Arman Shah the son of Aibak , was defeated by Iltumish.
• Iltumish was the son in law of Aibak.
• Iltumish completed the construction of Qutub Minar which was started by Qutub-ud-din-Aibak.
• The first Mongol invatsion took place under the leadership of Chengizkhan during the time of Iltumish.
• Balban, a slave of Iltumish, later became Slave king and called himself Zil-I-Ilahi or Shadow of God on earth.
• The first and the only Muslim woman ruler who every ruled Delhi was Razia Sultana, the daughter of Iltumish.

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Short Notes on Harsha Vardhana - Indian History

Indian History - Shortnotes on Harshavardhana

HARSHA VARDHANA

• The last Hindu ruler of North India was Harshavardhana. 
• The capital of Harsha was Kanauj. 
• Hieun-Tsand, the Chinese traveler, visited India during his reign. 
• Banabhatta, the court poet of Harsha wrote Harshacharita and Kadambari. 
• Harsha was a great patron of art and literature. 
• Harsha wrote Ratnavalli, Priyadarsika and Nagananda. 
• Pulakesi II, a Chalukyam king defeated Harsha Vardhana. 
• Pulakesin II belonged to the Chalukyan dynasty of Vatapi. 
• Mahendravarman I and Pulakesin II are the contemporaries of Harshavardhana.

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Short notes on Gupta Dynasty - Indian History

Friday, 7 June 2013

Gupta Dynasty short notes - Indian History

• Chandragupta I was the real founder and the first ruler of Gupta Dynasty.
• Chandragupta I adopted the tile ‘Maharajadhiraja’.
• Samudragupta is popularly known as ‘Indian Napoleon’, because of his extensive military conquest.
• He was a many sided genius-scholar poet, musician and warrior.
• Harisena was the court poet of Samudragupta.
• Chandragupta II is popularly known as ‘ Vikramaditya’.
• Fahein, the Chinese traveler visited India during his time.
• Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Shankaracharya, Dhanwantri, Bhaskaracharya, Aryabhatta etc. are important person who lived during his period.
• The Gupta period began in 320 AD and the Gupta rule is called ‘the Golder Age’ or ‘the Classical Age’ of ancient India.
• Gupta issued large number of gold coins in India.
• Earlier Guptas had their capital at Prayag in Allahabad, but later it was shifted to Ujjain by Chandragupta II.
• Gupta largely patronized art and architecture.
• Guptas Patronized Gandhara school fo art, Madhura school fo art and Andhra school of Art.
• The Fresco paintings of Ajanta caves are examples of the art of the Guptas.
• The period of the Imperial Guptas has often been described as the golden age of ancient India. The most important officers in the Gupta empire were the Kumaramatyas.
• The specimens of Gupta paintings are preserved in the Ajanta Caves and the Bagh caves.
• The Gupta era started in 320AD. The Chief source of revenue was from land.
• The royal seal of the Gupta’s bore emblem of the Garuda.
• In Gupta period the position of the women declined.
• The official language of the Guptas was Sanskrit.
• A renowned Physician of the Gupta period was Vagbhatta.
• Nalanda and Taxila were two universities during this period.
• Pala dynasty was founded by Gopala. Its kind Dharmapala founded Vikramashila University.
• Kalidasa the court poet of Chandragupta II, wrote Abhinjanashakuntala, Malavikagnimitra, Vikramorvasiam, Meghaduta (cloud-messenger), Ritusamhara (Cycle of the seasons) Raghuvamsa and Kumarasambhava.
• Kalidasa is generally called ‘Indian Shakespeare’ and the ‘Prince of Indian Poets’.
• Vishakadutta, another great poet of this period, wrote Mudrarakshasa and Devichandragupta.

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Short notes on Mauryan Dynasty - Indian History

Mauryan Dynasty short notes - Indian History

• Asoka held the Third Buddhist Council at his capital in Pataliputra.
• Asoka spread Buddhism in Srilanka and Nepal.
• Asoka is also called as the ‘Constantine of Buddhism’.
• IV the major rock Edict of Asoka tells about the practice of Dharma.
• XIII major rock edict of Asoka deals, with the conquest of Kalinga.
• Chandragupta Maurya founded Maurya Dynasty, and under him the whole of northern India was united.
• Megasthenes, who wrote Indica, was the Greek Ambassador to Chandragupta’s court.
• Division of society into 7 classes during Mauryan period has been mentioned by Megasthenes.
• Chandragupta Maurya was the first Indian ruler who introduced large number of Silver coins (Punch marked coins) in India.
• Kautilya also known as Chankya was the Prime Minister of Chandragupta Maurya. He wrote Arthasasthra, a teatise on statescraft. His real name as Vishnu Gupta.
• Mahapadma Nanda was the founder of Gupta.
• Mahapadma Nanda was the founder of Nanda Dynasty.
• The capital of Maurya Dynasty was Pataliputra.
• Ashoka’s personal religion was Buddhism. King Devanampiya Tissa of Ceylon was his first convert.
• The last king according to most historians was Brihadratha who was assassinated by his Senapati Pushymitra and founded anew dynasty known as ‘Sunga dynasty’.
• The royal highway between Taxila and Pataliputra was the ancestor of the Grand Trunk Road today. Asokan inscriptions were composed mainly in prakrit language and in Brahmi Script.
• Megasthense was a Greek ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya.
• The play Mudraraksha was written by Visakhadhatta. Rock cut architechture in India made a beginning in Asoka’s reign.
• Vaishali was the capital of Sisunga dynasty. Sisunga dynasty was the first every dynasty founded in India by Sisunga.
• Peshwar (Purushapur) was the capital of Kanishka of Kushana dynasty.
• Prayg (Allahabad) was the capital of Guptas.
• Stanika, in Mauryan administration refers to tax collector.
• The emblem of the Indian Republic has been adopted from the four lion capital of one of the Ashoka’s pillars which is located at Sarnath.
• The first Indian ruler to issue gold coins was Kushanas.
• The most famous ruler of Kushana dynasty was Kanishka.
• Kanishka began Saka era in 78 AD. The first month of the saka era is Chaithra and the last month is Phalguna.
• The famous Indian Physician Charaka, Buddhist lawyer Nagarjuna and a Buddhist monk Ashvaghosha lived in the court of Kanishka.
• Ashvaghosha wrote Buddhacharita and Sariputra Prakarma.
• Kanishka patronized, Gandhara school of Art and Mahayana form of Buddhism. He also held the fourth Buddhist council in Kashmir.
• Kanishka is rightly called the ‘Second Ashoka’.
• Kanishka was also a great patron of art and Sanskrit literature.
• Rashtrakuta dynasty was founded by Dantidurga.
• Krishna I, a Rashtrakuta ruler built the famous rock, cut Kailas temple at Ellora.
• The last Rashtrakuta ruler was Amoghavarsha IV.
• Pallavas were the great builders of South India.
• The capital of Pallavas was at Kanchipuram.
• Mamallapuram temple was built by pallavas.
• Pallavas were also known for architechture.
• ‘Seven Pagodas’ were built by a Pallava ruler Narasimhavarman.
• Satavahana dynasty was founded by Simukha.
• The most important ruler of Satavahana dynasty was Gautamputra Satakarni.
• The two common structures of Satavahanas were the temple called Chitya and the monastery called Vihara.
• Satavahanas mostly issued lead coins.
• The official language of the satavahanas was Prakrit.

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Short notes of Alexander’s Invasion - Indian History

Alexander’s Invasion short notes - Indian History

• Ambhi, the ruler of Taxila invited Alexander to India.
• Darius III, the Persian ruler was defeated by Alexander.
• Seleucus was the General of Alexander who as defeated by Chandragupta Maurya.
• Porus was defeated by Alexander at the Battle of Hydaspes in 326BC.
• Alexander died at Babylon in 323 BC.
• Aristotle, the father of Biology and the father of politics, was the teacher of Alexander.
• The last General of Alexander in India was Eudamus.

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Short notes on Sangam Age - Indian History

SANGAM AGE Short notes of Indian History

We have references to the Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas in the inscriptions of Asoka and Kharavela and the Indica of Megasthenese. The Sangam was a college or assembly of Tamil poets held under royal patronage.

• In the Sangam age, the most common form of Government was hereditary monarchy. The village was the fundamental unit of administration.
• Tradition refers to three number of Sangam lasting for 9,900 years.
• Language of the Sangam literature was Tamil. The people of Sangam Age mainly worshipped Murugam.
• Tholkappiyam is a book on a Tamil Grammar.
• A third Tamil epic is Jivakachintamani written by Tirutakkadevar.
• Madurai was the Capital of the Panya.
• Uraiyur was the capital of Cholas known for cotton trade.
• Venji was the Capital of Cheras.
• The word Sangam means a college or Assembly. The three Sangams were held at Teen-Madurai, Kapatpuram and Madurai.
• Korkai was the main seaport of the Pandyas.
• Magasthenes described Pandya kingdom as ‘Pearl’ as it was ruled by women.
• Kaveripatnam was the main port of Cholas.
• Tolkappiyam, the early Tamil grammar text, written by Tolkappiyar, the disciple of Agastya deals with Tamil grammar of Aham(Love) and Puram(war).
• Tirukkural, the Bible of Tamil was compiled by Tiruvalluvar.
• Rudrasarman complied Agananuru, which consists of 400 love poems.
• Ilango Adigal wrote Silappadigaram which is an epic of the period. In this book the love story of Kovalon and Madhavi, a dancer has been depicted.
• Sattanar wrote Maniekhalai, which is also an epic and tells about the story of the daughter of Kovalah and Madhavi.
• The greatest ruler of Chera kingdom was Senguttuvan Cheran also known as ‘Red Chera’.
• The famous chera port Muziris was a great center of Indo-Roman trade.
• The most reputed Pandyan king was Nedunjhezhian.
• The largest single tax collected during the Sangam period was the land tax called Karai.
• The founder of later Cholas was Rajaraja-1. The most important ruler of this dynasty was Rajendra Chola.
• Rajendra Chola is also known as ‘Gangaikonda Chola’. He later named his capital as Gangaikonda Cholapuram.
• Raja Raja I built Brihadeswara temple at Tanjore.
• Cholas were well known for their naval supremacy and efficient village administration.

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Short notes on Jainism and Buddhism - Indian History

Jainism and Buddhism Short notes - Indian History

A lot of things are common to Jainism and Buddhism. Both of them reject the authority of the Vedas. Both repudiate the efficacy of ceremonies and rituals, condemn animal sacrifices and both ignore God. Both subscribe to ahimsa, both believe in transmigration and both hold that Karma exerts a definite impact on the future. But they differ on certain basic issue. Jainism glorifies self mortification whereas Buddhism insists upon the pursuit of the middle path and the avoidance of extremes. Budhism maintains that every thing lacks an ego while Jainism exhorts that every object in this world is tenanted by a Soul.

Buddha’s primary aim was to secure deliverance from the grim reality of sorrow and suffering. He accepted the traditional belief in transmigration of the Soul and law of Karma. The chief Buddhist monastery was at Nalanda, which under the patronage of Pala Kings. 

• The three Jewels of Buddhism. Buddha, Dharma, Sangha.
• The first Buddhist man was Gautami.
• 500 Stories are included in the Jatakas.
• The place of worship of Buddhists is Pagoda.
• The Holy book of Buddhists is Tripitika.
• The Buddhists order of monk is Sangha.
• The Buddhists monasteries are called Viharas.
• The old name of Orrisa was Kalinga, Bhuvaneshwar the Capital of Orissa is known as the Temple City of India, on account of its numerous temples.
• Puri, famours for Jaganath temple is in Orissa.
• Konark, famous for the Sun God temple is also in Orissa.

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Indian History - Short notes on Buddhism

Short notes on Buddhism - Indian History

• Goutama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism was born at Lambani in Kapilavastu (Nepal)
• Buddha’s mother Mahamaya died 7 days after his birth, he was brought up by his aunt named Mahaprajapati Gautami.
• Buddha attained higher Enlightenment at Bodh Gaya in Bihar.
• Buddha delivered his first sermon at Deer park in Sarnath (UP)
• Buddha attained Parinivana (Death) at Kusinagar in UP.
• Buddha was born in 563 BC and belongs to Sakya Kshatriya Clan hence known as Sakya Muni.
• The Central theme of Buddhism is Ashtanga Marga or Eight fold fpath.
• Buddhism does not recognize the existence of God and soul (Atman)
• Buddhism used Pali, which was the language of the common people.
• The third Buddhist council was held at pataliputra
• The first Buddhist council was held Rajgirh, during the period of kind Ajatasatru.  At this Council Vinaya pitaka and Suddha pitaka were recited by the then high priest Upali.
• Second Buddhist Council was held at Vaisali during the time of Kind Kalasoka.
• The third Buddhist Council was held at Pataliputra at the time of Asoka and was presided over by Mogaliputta Tissa.
• At the third Buddhist council, Abhidhamma pitaka was accepted as the sacred and authentic text of Buddhists.
• The fourth Buddhist Council was held at Kashmir during the time of King Kanishka.  The council was presided over by Vasumitra.
• At the fourth Buddhist Council, Buddhism split into two Mahayana Buddhism and Hinayana Buddhism.
• Mahayana Buddhism or Greater vehicle flourished in India and Hinayana Buddhism or Lesser Vehicle flourished in Cylon (Srilanka).
• The term Mahabhinishkramana means great renounciation or Great going forth of Buddha to the forest.
• Bodhi tree at Bodh Gaya was cut down by Shashanka of Gauda.

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Short notes on Arab Invasion - Indian History

Indian History - Shortnotes on Arab Invasion 

• The first invasion ofSind was in 712 AD.
• The first invasion of Arabs was made by Muhammad bin Kasim.
• The first invasion of Muhammad Ghazni was I the year 10001AD.
• Muhammad Ghazni led 17 expeditions to India.
• In 1025 AD he attacked and destroyed the somnath temple in Gujrat.
• The famous Persian poet, Firdausi who wrote ‘Shanama’ lived in his court.
• The first invasion of Muhammad Ghori to India was in the year 1175.
• The first placd which was captured by Md. Ghori in India was Multan (Now in Pakistan).
• Muhammad Ghori is considered as the founder of Muslim rule in India.
• Chand Bardoi, the court poet of Prithviraj wrote ‘Prithviraj Raso’.
• The first Battle of Tarain was fought in the year 1191 AD between the forces of Prithviraj Chauhan and Muhammed Ghori in which Ghori was defeated.
• The Second Battle of Tarain was fought in the year 1192 AD between Prithviraj and Md. Ghori in which Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated.
• The second Battle of Tarain, inspired Md. Ghori to establish first Muslim rule in India.
• Qutub-ud-din Aibak was a faithful slave of Md. Ghori.
• Aibak belongs to Ilbari tride.
• Aibak was also the commander in chief of Md. Ghori.
• After the death of Md. Ghori in 1206. Aibak became king and founded Slave dynasty in India.
• Aibak is popularly known as ‘Lakh Bakhsh (Giver of lakhs).
• The slave dynasty was the first Muslim dynasty in India.
• Aibak began the construction of Qutab-Minar.
• Aibak constructed 2 great mosquest at Delhi and Ajmer.
• Arman Shah the son of Aibak , was defeated by Iltumish.
• Iltumish was the son in law of Aibak.
• Iltumish completed the construction of Qutub Minar which was started by Qutub-ud-din-Aibak.
• The first Mongol invatsion took place under the leadership of Chengizkhan during the time of Iltumish.
• Balban, a slave of Iltumish, later became Slave king and called himself Zil-I-Ilahi or Shadow of God on earth.
• The first and the only Muslim woman ruler who every ruled Delhi was Razia Sultana, the daughter of Iltumish.

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